1 ) What Is a Company Network?
- Computer Network: is a system that connects computers and other devices (e.g. printers, smart phones) via communications media so that data and information can be transmitted among them.
- In a computer network connected computers:
✅ Work together.
✅ Are interdependent.
✅ Exchange data with each other.
- Bandwidth: the transmission capacity of a network. It is stated in bits per second..
- Broadband: network transmission capacity ranging from approximately one million bus (megabits/ second) up to several terabits/ second.
- Types of computer Networks:
⭐ Local Area Networks (LAN): connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region, usually within the same building, so that every device on the network can communicate with every other device.
• Trade-offs between: speed, distance, cost.
• Every device in the LAN has a network interface card (NIC).
• NIC allows the device to physically connects to the LAN's communication medium.
• Network Server or file server: contains various software (operating system) and data for the network.
⭐ Wide Area Networks (WAN):
• covers a large geographic area and have large capacity.
• Provide by telecommunication companies.
• WANs also contain routers.
♢ Router: is a communication processor that routes messages from LAN to the internet, across several connected LANs.
⭐ Enterprise Networks: a network encompassing an organization, composed of interconnected multiple LANs and WANs
• Backbone Network: are high speed central networks to which multiple smaller network connect.
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2) Network Fundamentals:
- Networks transmit information with two types of signals:
1. Analog Signals: are continuous waves that transmit information by altering the characteristics of the waves.
• Have two parameters: - amplitude (higher the wave).
- frequency (more closely packed).
2. Digital Signals: are discrete pulses that are either ON or OFF, representing a series of bits (0s and 1s).
♢ Modem (modulator- demodulator): is to converts digital signals to analog signal and vice versa.
D➡A= Modulation.
A➡D= Demodulation.
- Dial up modem has transmission speed of 56 Kbs.
--------------------------------------------------
♣ Communication Media and Channels: pathway for communicating data from one location to another.
• Wireline Media (cable):
1. Twisted - pair wire.
2. Coaxial cables➡ made of copper.
3. Fiber - optic cable.
• Wireless Media (Broadcast):
♣ Transmission Technologies:
▶Digital subscriber line ( DSL): a technology that provide high- speed transmission of digital data over existing copper telephone lines.
Example: Oman tel ADSL offers bandwidth up to 40 Maps.
▶Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM): a technology that provides support for data, video, and voice transmissions on a single communications.
- Can transmit up to 2.5 Gbps.
- Required fiber- optic cables.
- More expensive than DSL.
▶Synchronous Optical Network (SONET): is an interface standard designed to carry large volumes of traffic over relatively long distance using fiber- optic lines.
▶T- Carrier System: is a digital transmission system that defines circuits that operate at different rates, all of which are multiple of the basic 64 Kbps used to transport single voice call.
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♣ Network Protocols: set of rules and procedures that govern transmission across a network.
▶Ethernet: a common LAN protocol.
▶Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): is the protocol of the internet.
- Internet Protocol: is responsible for disassembling, delivery, and reassembling the data during transmission.
- Packet switching: technology that breaks blocks of next into small, fixed bundles of data and routes them in the most economical way through any available communication channel.
- Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP): defines how messages are formulated and how they are interpreted by their receivers.
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♣Types of Network Processing:
- Distributed processing: Divide processing work among two or more computers.
1. Client/ Server computing: links two or more computers in an arrangement in which some machines, called Server, provide computing services for user PCs, called clients.
2. Peer-to peer (P2P) processing: is a type of client/Server distribution processing where each computer acts as both a client and a server.
Example: Microsoft Share Point.
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3) The Internet and the World Wide Web:
- The internet ("the Net"): is a global WAN that connects approximately one million organizational computer Networks in more than 200 countries on all continents, including Antarctica, and plays a role in the daily routine of almost 2 billion people.
- The internet grew out of an experimental project of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense.
• Intranet: is a network that uses Internet Protocol so that users can take advantage of familiar applications and work habits.
• Extranet: connects parts of the intranets of different organization's.
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♣ Accessing the Internet:
1. Connecting via Online Service:
• Internet Service Provider (ISP): is a telecommunication company that offers Internet connections for a fee .
Example: www.thelist.com.
- ISPs connect to one another through NAPs.
• Network access points (NAPs): are exchange points for Internet traffic.
2. Connecting via Other Means.
3. Addresses on the Internet:
• Internet Protocol (IP) address: an assigned address that distinguishes each computer on the Internet from all other computers.
- Example: 135.62.128.91
• The internet Corporation for Assigned Names (ICANN):
- www.icann.org.
- Responsible for coordinating IP addresses throughout the world.
- ICANN accredits certain companies called registrars to registrars to register names (called Domain Name) that are equivalent to the IP address.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
♣ The World Wide Web:
⭐ World Wide Web (WWW, W3): is a system of universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information via a client/ server architecture.
⭐ Website: all of the pages of a particular company or individual.
.jpg)
⭐ Home page: is a text and graphic screen display that usually welcome the user and provides basic information on the organization that has established the page.
⭐ Webmaster: the person in charge of an organization's website.
⭐Uniform Resource Locator (URL): points to the address of a specific resource on the web.
.jpg)
⭐Browsers: a software applications that help the users access the web primarily.
.jpg)
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4) Network Applications:
♣ Discovery: the internet allows users to browse and search data sources, in all topic areas, on the Web.
♢ Search Engines: is a computer program that searches for specific information by key words and reports the results.
.jpg)
♢ Metasearch Engine: search several engines at once and integrate the findings of the various search engines to answer queries posted by users.
.jpg)
♢ Publication of Material in Foreign Language:
- Translation products include:
• Altavista.
• Google.
• Trados.
♢ Portals: a Web- based, personalized gateway to information and knowledge that provides relevant information from different IS systems and the internet using advanced search and indexing techniques.
• Four types of portals:
1. Commercial (public) portals: offer content for diverse communities and are the most popular portals on the Internet.
2. Affinity portals: offer a single point of entry community of interest, such as a hoppy group or political party.
Example: http://www.kooora.com.
3. Corporate/ Enterprise portals: offer a personalized single point of access to information located within the organization.
4. Industrywide portals: offer a single point of entry to information for an entire industry.
Example: www.truck.net
- Offers information about professional drivers, owner/operators, trucking companies, trucking jobs, drivers (virtual) round table.
• Another type:
- Mobile portals: are portals that are accessible from mobile devices.
♣ Communication:
♢ Electronic Mail (e-mail): transmission of electronic messages over the Internet.
- The largest- volume application running over the Internet.
- 90% of companies conduct business transaction via e- mail.
.jpg)
♢ Web- Based Call Centers (customer call center): are services that provide effective personalize customer contact as an important part of Web based customer support.
♢ Electronic Chat Room: a virtual meeting place where groups of regulars come to "gab"/ E- Chitchat.
♢ Voice Communication:
- Internet Telephony/ Voice - over Internet Protocol (VoIP): digitizes your analog voice signals, sections them into packets, and sends them over the Internet.
.jpg)
♢ Unified Communications (UC):
- simplified and integrates all forms of communications, voice mail, fax, chat, e-mail, instant messaging, short message service, presence (location) services, and videoconferencing- on a common hardware and software platform.
♣ Collaboration: refers to efforts of two or more entities (individuals, teams, groups, or organizations) who work together to accomplish certain tasks.
- Work group: refers specifically to two or more individuals who act together to perform some task.
.jpg)
- Virtual group (team): is when group members are in different locations.
• Crowdsourcing:
- Synchronous collaboration: mean that all team members meet at the same time.
- Asynchronous collaboration: when team members cannot meet at the same time.
.jpg)
- Virtual collaboration: the use of digital technologies that enable organizations or individuals to collaboratively plan, design, develop, manage and research products, services and innovative applications.
.jpg)
- Workflow technologies: facilitate the movement of information as it flows thought the sequence of steps that make up an organization's work procedures. Include workflow management and workflow systems.
- Groupware: software products that support groups of people who share a common task or goal and who collaborate to accomplish it.
- Teleconferencing: the use of electronic communication that allows two or more people at different locations to hold a simultaneous conference.
.jpg)
- Videoconferencing: is when participants in one location can see participants at other locations and share data, voice, picture, graphics and animation by electronic means.
.jpg)
- Web conferencing: videoconferencing conducted over the Internet.
.jpg)
- Real- time collaboration tools: support synchronous communication of graphical and text- based information i.e. computer- based whiteboards.
- Telepresence systems:
• The last version of videoconferencing.
• Enable participants to seamlessly share data, images, graphics, and animation electronically.
♣ E- Learning and Distance Learning:
• E- Learning: refers to learning supported by the web.
• Distance Learning: refers to any learning situation in which teachers and students do not meet face- to- face.
✴ Benefits of E-Learning:
✅ Students have the flexibility of learning from any place at any time at their own pace.
✅ Online materials deliver high- quality, current content.
✅ Training costs can be reduced.
✴ Drawbacks of E- learning:
✖ Instructors may need training to be able to teach electronically.
✖ Students must be computer literate.
✖ There are issues with assessing students' work.
♣ Virtual Universities: are online universities in which students take classes from home or at an off- site location, via the Internet.
- Example: http://www.open.ac.uk.
♣ Telecommuting/ Teleworking: allows workers to work anytime and any place.
✴ Benefits:
• For Employees:
- Reduced stress, improved family life.
- Employment opportunities for single parents and persons with disabilities.
• For Employers:
- Increase productivity.
- Ability to retain skilled employees.
✴ Drawbacks:
• For Employees:
- Feelings of isolation.
- No workplace visibility.
- Potential for slower promotions.
• For Employers:
- Difficulties in supervising work.
- Potential information security problems.
- Additional training costs.
- Computer Network: is a system that connects computers and other devices (e.g. printers, smart phones) via communications media so that data and information can be transmitted among them.
- In a computer network connected computers:
✅ Work together.
✅ Are interdependent.
✅ Exchange data with each other.
- Bandwidth: the transmission capacity of a network. It is stated in bits per second..
- Broadband: network transmission capacity ranging from approximately one million bus (megabits/ second) up to several terabits/ second.
- Types of computer Networks:
⭐ Local Area Networks (LAN): connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region, usually within the same building, so that every device on the network can communicate with every other device.
• Trade-offs between: speed, distance, cost.
• Every device in the LAN has a network interface card (NIC).
• NIC allows the device to physically connects to the LAN's communication medium.
• Network Server or file server: contains various software (operating system) and data for the network.
⭐ Wide Area Networks (WAN):
• covers a large geographic area and have large capacity.
• Provide by telecommunication companies.
• WANs also contain routers.
♢ Router: is a communication processor that routes messages from LAN to the internet, across several connected LANs.
⭐ Enterprise Networks: a network encompassing an organization, composed of interconnected multiple LANs and WANs
• Backbone Network: are high speed central networks to which multiple smaller network connect.
2) Network Fundamentals:
- Networks transmit information with two types of signals:
1. Analog Signals: are continuous waves that transmit information by altering the characteristics of the waves.
• Have two parameters: - amplitude (higher the wave).
- frequency (more closely packed).
♢ Modem (modulator- demodulator): is to converts digital signals to analog signal and vice versa.
D➡A= Modulation.
A➡D= Demodulation.
- Dial up modem has transmission speed of 56 Kbs.
--------------------------------------------------
♣ Communication Media and Channels: pathway for communicating data from one location to another.
• Wireline Media (cable):
1. Twisted - pair wire.
2. Coaxial cables➡ made of copper.
3. Fiber - optic cable.
• Wireless Media (Broadcast):
1. Microwave.
2. Satelite.
3. Radio.
4. Infrared.
-----------------------------------------------------------
♣ Transmission Technologies:
▶Digital subscriber line ( DSL): a technology that provide high- speed transmission of digital data over existing copper telephone lines.
Example: Oman tel ADSL offers bandwidth up to 40 Maps.
▶Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM): a technology that provides support for data, video, and voice transmissions on a single communications.
- Can transmit up to 2.5 Gbps.
- Required fiber- optic cables.
- More expensive than DSL.
▶Synchronous Optical Network (SONET): is an interface standard designed to carry large volumes of traffic over relatively long distance using fiber- optic lines.
▶T- Carrier System: is a digital transmission system that defines circuits that operate at different rates, all of which are multiple of the basic 64 Kbps used to transport single voice call.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
♣ Network Protocols: set of rules and procedures that govern transmission across a network.
▶Ethernet: a common LAN protocol.
▶Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): is the protocol of the internet.
- Internet Protocol: is responsible for disassembling, delivery, and reassembling the data during transmission.
- Packet switching: technology that breaks blocks of next into small, fixed bundles of data and routes them in the most economical way through any available communication channel.
- Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP): defines how messages are formulated and how they are interpreted by their receivers.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
♣Types of Network Processing:
- Distributed processing: Divide processing work among two or more computers.
1. Client/ Server computing: links two or more computers in an arrangement in which some machines, called Server, provide computing services for user PCs, called clients.
2. Peer-to peer (P2P) processing: is a type of client/Server distribution processing where each computer acts as both a client and a server.
Example: Microsoft Share Point.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) The Internet and the World Wide Web:
- The internet ("the Net"): is a global WAN that connects approximately one million organizational computer Networks in more than 200 countries on all continents, including Antarctica, and plays a role in the daily routine of almost 2 billion people.
- The internet grew out of an experimental project of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense.
• Intranet: is a network that uses Internet Protocol so that users can take advantage of familiar applications and work habits.
• Extranet: connects parts of the intranets of different organization's.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
♣ Accessing the Internet:
1. Connecting via Online Service:
• Internet Service Provider (ISP): is a telecommunication company that offers Internet connections for a fee .
Example: www.thelist.com.
- ISPs connect to one another through NAPs.
• Network access points (NAPs): are exchange points for Internet traffic.
2. Connecting via Other Means.
3. Addresses on the Internet:
• Internet Protocol (IP) address: an assigned address that distinguishes each computer on the Internet from all other computers.
- Example: 135.62.128.91
• The internet Corporation for Assigned Names (ICANN):
- www.icann.org.
- Responsible for coordinating IP addresses throughout the world.
- ICANN accredits certain companies called registrars to registrars to register names (called Domain Name) that are equivalent to the IP address.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
♣ The World Wide Web:
⭐ World Wide Web (WWW, W3): is a system of universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information via a client/ server architecture.
⭐ Website: all of the pages of a particular company or individual.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
4) Network Applications:
♣ Discovery: the internet allows users to browse and search data sources, in all topic areas, on the Web.
♢ Search Engines: is a computer program that searches for specific information by key words and reports the results.
.jpg)
♢ Metasearch Engine: search several engines at once and integrate the findings of the various search engines to answer queries posted by users.
.jpg)
♢ Publication of Material in Foreign Language:
- Translation products include:
• Altavista.
• Google.
• Trados.
♢ Portals: a Web- based, personalized gateway to information and knowledge that provides relevant information from different IS systems and the internet using advanced search and indexing techniques.
• Four types of portals:
1. Commercial (public) portals: offer content for diverse communities and are the most popular portals on the Internet.
2. Affinity portals: offer a single point of entry community of interest, such as a hoppy group or political party.
Example: http://www.kooora.com.
3. Corporate/ Enterprise portals: offer a personalized single point of access to information located within the organization.
4. Industrywide portals: offer a single point of entry to information for an entire industry.
Example: www.truck.net
- Offers information about professional drivers, owner/operators, trucking companies, trucking jobs, drivers (virtual) round table.
• Another type:
- Mobile portals: are portals that are accessible from mobile devices.
 |
| Portals |
♣ Communication:
♢ Electronic Mail (e-mail): transmission of electronic messages over the Internet.
- The largest- volume application running over the Internet.
- 90% of companies conduct business transaction via e- mail.
.jpg)
♢ Web- Based Call Centers (customer call center): are services that provide effective personalize customer contact as an important part of Web based customer support.
♢ Electronic Chat Room: a virtual meeting place where groups of regulars come to "gab"/ E- Chitchat.
♢ Voice Communication:
- Internet Telephony/ Voice - over Internet Protocol (VoIP): digitizes your analog voice signals, sections them into packets, and sends them over the Internet.
.jpg)
♢ Unified Communications (UC):
- simplified and integrates all forms of communications, voice mail, fax, chat, e-mail, instant messaging, short message service, presence (location) services, and videoconferencing- on a common hardware and software platform.
♣ Collaboration: refers to efforts of two or more entities (individuals, teams, groups, or organizations) who work together to accomplish certain tasks.
- Work group: refers specifically to two or more individuals who act together to perform some task.
.jpg)
- Virtual group (team): is when group members are in different locations.
• Crowdsourcing:
- Synchronous collaboration: mean that all team members meet at the same time.
- Asynchronous collaboration: when team members cannot meet at the same time.
.jpg)
- Virtual collaboration: the use of digital technologies that enable organizations or individuals to collaboratively plan, design, develop, manage and research products, services and innovative applications.
.jpg)
- Workflow technologies: facilitate the movement of information as it flows thought the sequence of steps that make up an organization's work procedures. Include workflow management and workflow systems.
- Groupware: software products that support groups of people who share a common task or goal and who collaborate to accomplish it.
- Teleconferencing: the use of electronic communication that allows two or more people at different locations to hold a simultaneous conference.
.jpg)
- Videoconferencing: is when participants in one location can see participants at other locations and share data, voice, picture, graphics and animation by electronic means.
.jpg)
- Web conferencing: videoconferencing conducted over the Internet.
.jpg)
- Real- time collaboration tools: support synchronous communication of graphical and text- based information i.e. computer- based whiteboards.
- Telepresence systems:
• The last version of videoconferencing.
• Enable participants to seamlessly share data, images, graphics, and animation electronically.
• E- Learning: refers to learning supported by the web.
• Distance Learning: refers to any learning situation in which teachers and students do not meet face- to- face.
✴ Benefits of E-Learning:
✅ Students have the flexibility of learning from any place at any time at their own pace.
✅ Online materials deliver high- quality, current content.
✅ Training costs can be reduced.
✴ Drawbacks of E- learning:
✖ Instructors may need training to be able to teach electronically.
✖ Students must be computer literate.
✖ There are issues with assessing students' work.
♣ Virtual Universities: are online universities in which students take classes from home or at an off- site location, via the Internet.
- Example: http://www.open.ac.uk.
♣ Telecommuting/ Teleworking: allows workers to work anytime and any place.
✴ Benefits:
• For Employees:
- Reduced stress, improved family life.
- Employment opportunities for single parents and persons with disabilities.
• For Employers:
- Increase productivity.
- Ability to retain skilled employees.
✴ Drawbacks:
• For Employees:
- Feelings of isolation.
- No workplace visibility.
- Potential for slower promotions.
• For Employers:
- Difficulties in supervising work.
- Potential information security problems.
- Additional training costs.
 |
| Telecommuting |
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